Gender Income Inequalities Part 3

Regular and Irregular Work

Many jobs are 8-4 or 9-5 hours jobs but many require hours whenever and wherever they happen to be required. When a multimillion-dollar lawsuit is in progress or a death penalty case is being appealed, the attorneys cannot quit work in the afternoon after their 8 hour shift. Nights and weekends might also be required.

In general it does not matter if the attorney is male of female but in practice women more often carry the burden of domestic responsibilities for children and the care of the home and thus these kinds of jobs are less attractive to women. Due to this, whole professions might not always be put off-limits but range of work within that profession can be restricted. Thus more often women attorneys are civil service attorneys with regular hours then working for a leading high-pressure law firm where the work week might average 60-70 hours and those hours are to be worked at unpredictable times. These law firms might also have to fly these attorneys to distant places on short notice.

Economist Thomas Sowell says that in principle this is the same problem for men and women. But in practice, a mother is more likely to stay home with children while the father is tied up at the office or flying off to someplace to deal with legal emergencies. Moreover, since men are never pregnant, women are disadvantaged in such work by the physical limitations of pregnancy. A Harvard Business Review surveyed people whose earnings were int he top 6 percent and it showed that 62% worked more than 50 hours a week and 35% worked more than 60 hours a week. Among those with "extreme" jobs-meaning high in hours and stress, lean than 20% were women. Among those people who did hold these jobs, women were only half as likely to say they wanted to still be working like this five years later.

The Economist magazine observed recently: "The main reason why women still get paid less on average then men is not they they are paid less for the same jobs but they they tend to not climb so far up the career ladder, or they choose lower-paid occupations, such as nursing and teaching."

Other studies show that jobs where women with college degrees earn at least as much as men are computer engineers, petroleum engineer, and a variety of other engineering occupations, as well as journalist, portfolio manager and medical technologist. But these jobs have fewer women than men in them. So the main reason that women are paid less than men is not that they are paid less to do the same job, but that "they are distributed differently among jobs and have fewer hours and less continuity in the labor force."

Among college-educated, never married individuals with no children who worked full-time and were from 40-64 years old, that is beyond usual child bearing years, men averaged $40,000 a year in income while women earned $47,000. Even in the top-level universities like Harvard and Yale, women have not worked full-time, or worked at all, to the same extent as male graduates. Among Yale alumni in their forties, 56% of women still worked while 90% of men did according to the New York Times. Women are also more likely to work part-time than men. This restricts the range of industries and occupations available that they can work in. Half of all women who work part-time do so in only ten industries out of 236 industries surveyed.

Domestic Responsibilities

Given the importance of being able to support having children, it should not be surprising that married men with children have usually earned the highest income of all, since higher earning are more imperative for fathers with a family to support. Marriage has the exact opposite affect on women since their domestic responsibilities are different. Women who have never married have higher average incomes than women who have, and women with no children have higher average incomes than women with children. In nations where most women get married, this can have obvious overall affects. Now that marriage rates are declining, one could see why women's incomes are gaining ground on men's income.